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Historians and biographers note some difficulty in identifying Adolf Hitler's political views. His writings and methods were often adapted to need and circumstance, although there were some steady themes, including antisemitism, anti-communism, anti-parliamentarianism, German expansionism, belief in the superiority of an "Aryan race" and an extreme form of German nationalism. Hitler personally claimed he was fighting against Jewish Marxism.〔Hitler believed the Jewish people were “the plague of the world.” See: Georg Lukács, ''Die Zerstörung der Vernunft'', p. 565.〕 Hitler's views were more or less formed during three periods: (1) His years as a poverty-stricken young man in Vienna and Munich prior to World War I, during which he turned to nationalist-oriented political pamphlets and antisemitic newspapers out of distrust for mainstream newspapers and political parties; (2) The closing months of World War I when Germany lost the war; Hitler is said to have developed his extreme nationalism during this time, desiring to "save" Germany from both external and internal "enemies" who, in his view, betrayed it; (3) The 1920s, during which his early political career began and he wrote ''Mein Kampf''. Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later; thereby allowing him to run for public office. Hitler was influenced by Benito Mussolini who was appointed Prime Minister of Italy in October 1922 after his "March on Rome".〔An important book as to Hitler’s outlook on the world, which includes insight into his political philosophy, is Eberhard Jäckel’s work, ''Hitler’s Worldview: A Blueprint for Power''. Jäckel details to the extent possible, the sophisticated and contradictory nature of Hitler’s views which he fashioned according to need on his path to power. According to Jäckel, the one thing that remained consistent throughout Hitler’s life was his single-mindedness, even if it was derived from a lengthy synthesis which he “haphazardly” brought together, there can be no denying that Hitler possessed an “unusual programmatic mind” which was also “an unusual political force”. See: Jäckel (1981). ''Hitler’s Worldview: A Blueprint for Power'', pp. 120, 108-121.〕 In many ways, Adolf Hitler epitomizes "the force of personality in political life" as mentioned by Friedrich Meinecke.〔Meinecke (1950). ''The German Catastrophe'', p. 96.〕 He was essential to the very framework of Nazism's political appeal and its manifestation in Germany. So important were Hitler's views that they immediately affected the political policies of Nazi Germany. He asserted the ''Führerprinzip'' ("Leader principle"). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors. Hitler viewed the party structure and later the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. Hitler firmly believed that the force of "will" was decisive in determining the political course for a nation and rationalized his actions accordingly. Given that Hitler was appointed "leader of the German Reich for life", he "embodied the supreme power of the state and, as the delegate of the German people", it was his role to determine the "outward form and structure of the Reich."〔Nicholls (2000). ''Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion'', pp. 153-154.〕 To that end, Hitler's political motivation consisted of an ideology that combined traditional German and Austrian anti-Semitism with an intellectualized racial doctrine resting on a platter of social Darwinism. Further complicating matters, Hitler's views were also shaped by an "ill-digested" mix of Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Wagner, Gobineau, Sorel, H.S. Chamberlain, Paul de Lagarde, Alfred Ploetz and other racial hygiene theorists; all under the banner of the swastika.〔Stern (1992). ''Hitler: The Führer and the People'', pp. 45-53.〕 == Army intelligence agent== After World War I, Hitler stayed in the army, which was mainly engaged in suppressing socialist uprisings across Germany, including in Munich, where Hitler returned in 1919. He took part in "national thinking" courses organised by the ''Education and Propaganda Department'' (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian ''Reichswehr'', Headquarters 4 under Captain Karl Mayr. Mayr recruited Hitler to help re-educate soldiers in the wake of the social revolution occurring across Germany. The aforementioned specialized courses took place at the University of Munich in June 1919, where Hitler heard lectures on Germany's economic situation, the political history of the war and other matters, all delivered in an anti-Bolshevik disposition, inciting him to proselytize nationalist messages to his comrades.〔Rees (2012). ''Hitler’s Charisma: Leading Millions into the Abyss'', pp. 17-18.〕 These helped popularize the notion that there was a scapegoat responsible for the outbreak of war and Germany's defeat. Hitler's own bitterness over the collapse of the war effort also began to shape his ideology. Like other German nationalists, he believed the ''Dolchstoßlegende'' (stab-in-the-back myth), which claimed that the German Army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the "November criminals". "International Jewry" was described as a scourge composed of communists bent on destroying Germany.〔Jäckel (1981). ''Hitler’s Worldview: A Blueprint for Power'', pp. 51-57.〕 Such scapegoating was essential to Hitler's political career, and it seems that he genuinely believed that Jews were responsible for Germany's post-war troubles.〔More than that, Hitler thought the Jews were a problem for the entire world and their elimination essential to survival. See Jäckel (1981). ''Hitler's World View: A Blueprint for Power'', pp.47-66.〕 In July 1919 Hitler was appointed ''Verbindungsmann'' (intelligence agent) of an ''Aufklärungskommando'' (reconnaissance commando) of the ''Reichswehr'', both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP).〔While spying on the German Worker's Party, Hitler became impressed by the group's general ideology and instead, joined the organization since "it was so much to his liking", eventually becoming the party's leader. See: Heiden (2002). ''The Führer'', p. 77.〕 Much like the political activists in the DAP, Hitler blamed the loss of the First World War on Jewish intrigue at home and abroad, espousing völkisch-nationalist political beliefs with the intention of resurrecting Germany’s greatness by smashing the Versailles Treaty. Along those lines, Hitler proclaimed that the "German yoke must be broken by German iron" (''Das deutsche Elend muß durch deutsches Eisen zerbrochen werden'').〔Ernst Deuerlein, "Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr," ''Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte'' 7. Jahrg., 2. H. (Apr., 1959): 207. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH (and its subsidiary Akademie Verlag GmbH). Cited from JSTOR (accessed June 06, 2015), Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30197163〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Political views of Adolf Hitler」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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